5 Troubleshooting50 Keysight 11904S User’s and Service GuideHow Keysight Verifies the Devices in Your KitKeysight verifies the specifications of these devices as follows:1 The residual microwave error terms of the test system are verified with precision airlines andshorts that are directly traced to the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). Theairline and short characteristics are developed from mechanical measurements. The mechanicalmeasurements and material properties are carefully modeled to give very accurate electricalrepresentation. The mechanical measurements are then traced to NIST through various plugand ring gages and other mechanical measurements.2 Each calibration device is electrically tested on this system. For the initial (before sale) testingof the calibration devices, Keysight includes the test measurement uncertainty as a guardbandto guarantee each device meets the published specification. For recertifications (after sale), noguardband is used and the measured data is compared directly with the specification todetermine the pass or fail status. The measurement uncertainty for each device is, however,recorded in the calibration report that accompanies recertified kits.These two steps establish a traceable link to NIST for Keysight to the extent allowed by theinstitute’s calibration facility. The specifications data provided for the devices in the kit is traceableto NIST through Keysight Technologies.