2000. Between them, the studies investigated any possible associationbetween the use of wireless phones and primary brain cancer, glioma,meningioma, or acoustic neuroma, tumors of the brain or salivary gland,leukemia, or other cancers. None of the studies demonstrated theexistence of any harmful health effects from wireless phones RFexposures. However, none of the studies can answer questions aboutlong-term exposures, since the average period of phone use in thesestudies was around three years.What research is needed to decide whether RF exposure fromwireless phones poses a health risk?A combination of laboratory studies and epidemiological studies of peopleactually using wireless phones would provide some of the data that areneeded. Lifetime animal exposure studies could be completed in a fewyears. However, very large numbers of animals would be needed toprovide reliable proof of a cancer promoting effect if one exists.Epidemiological studies can provide data that is directly applicable tohuman populations, but ten or more years' follow-up may be needed toprovide answers about some health effects, such as cancer. This isbecause the interval between the time of exposure to a cancer-causingagent and the time tumors develop - if they do - may be many, manyyears. The interpretation of epidemiological studies is hampered bydifficulties in measuring actual RF exposure during day-to-day use ofwireless phones. Many factors affect this measurement, such as the angleat which the phone is held, or which model of phone is used.What is FDA doing to find out more about the possible healtheffects of wireless phone RF?FDA is working with the U.S. National Toxicology Program and withgroups of investigators around the world to ensure that high priorityanimal studies are conducted to address important questions about theeffects of exposure to radio frequency energy (RF).FDA has been a leading participant in the World Health Organizationinternational Electromagnetic Fields (EMF) Project since its inception in1996. An influential result of this work has been the development of adetailed agenda of research needs that has driven the establishment ofnew research programs around the world. The Project has also helpeddevelop a series of public information documents on EMF issues.FDA and Cellular Telecommunications & Internet Association (CTIA) havea formal Cooperative Research and Development Agreement (CRADA) todo research on wireless phone safety. FDA provides the scientificoversight, obtaining input from experts in government, industry, andacademic organizations. CTIA-funded research is conducted throughcontracts to independent investigators. The initial research will includeboth laboratory studies and studies of wireless phone users. The CRADAwill also include a broad assessment of additional research needs in thecontext of the latest research developments around the world.