GE Multilin B30 Bus Differential System 9-19 THEORY OF OPERATION 9.1 INTRODUCTION99 THEORY OF OPERATION 9.1INTRODUCTION 9.1.1 BUS DIFFERENTIAL PROTECTIONReferring to the figure below, input currents defining (through the dynamic bus replica) the bus differential zone arereceived by the B30 from current transformers (CTs) associated with the power system.Figure 9–1: BUS DIFFERENTIAL PROTECTION BLOCK DIAGRAMThe currents are digitally pre-filtered (Block 1) in order to remove the decaying DC components and other signal distortions.The filtered input signals are brought to a common scale taking into account the transformation ratios of the connected CTs(Block 2). Refer to Section 8.2: Dynamic Bus Replica for details.Phasors of the differential zone currents are estimated digitally (Block 3) and the differential (Block 4) and restraining (Block5) signals are calculated. Refer to Section 8.3: Differential Principle for details.The magnitude of the differential signal is compared with a threshold and an appropriate flag indicating operation of theunbiased bus differential protection is produced (Block 6).The magnitudes of the differential and restraining currents are compared and two auxiliary flags that correspond to two spe-cifically shaped portions of the differential operating characteristic (DIF1 and DIF2) are produced (blocks 7 and 8). Thecharacteristic is split in order to enhance performance of the relay by applying diverse security measures for each of theregions. Refer to Section 8.3: Differential Principle for details.The directional element (Block 10) supervises the biased differential characteristic when necessary. The current directionalcomparison principle is used that processes phasors of all the input currents as well as the differential and restraining cur-rents. Refer to Section 8.4: Directional Principle for details.The saturation detector (Block 9) analyzes the differential and restraining currents as well as the samples of the input cur-rents. This block sets its output flag upon detecting CT saturation. Refer to Section 8.5: Saturation Detector for details.The output logic (Block 11) combines the differential, directional and saturation flags into the biased differential operationflag. The applied logic enhances performance of the relay while keeping an excellent balance between dependability/speedand security. Refer to Section 8.6: Output Logic and Examples for details.Measuring UnitBiased DifferentialUnitUnbiased DifferentialUnitPre-Filteringi1i2i3iNRatio Matching and ScalingPhasor Estimation DifferentialCurrentRestrainingCurrentDifferentialUnbiasedDIF1DIF2DirectionalElementSaturationDetectorLOGICinput currentsI1I2I3INIDIRDIFLDIFUNBDIFHSATDIR1 2 34510678911DIFBIASED836723A1.CDR
