13The choice of inverter depends on the country of the installation (see table 1):• In countries where functional grounding is not required: inverters with or without transfor-mers can be used.• In countries where functional grounding is required, or when a system is installed within 500meters from the coastline, or when the module is integrated into the roof (i.e. BIPV): inverterswith galvanically isolated transformers must be used.Irrespective of the installation country, please follow the instructions for the use of inverterswith transformators as provided in the following section „Functional grounding.“ Also, refer tothe specification and instructions as provided by the inverter manufacturer.Install a functional grounding to the DC side of the solar array, when:• you install in a country where functional grounding is required according to table 1.• you install within 500 m from the coastline.INVERTERFUNCTIONAL GROUNDINGINSTALLATION AND OPERATION MANUAL FOR CIGS SOLAR MODULES Q-CELLS SE - EUROPE5.5 GROUNDINGINSTALLATION SITE GROUNDING RECOMMENDATION Q.SMART, Q.SMART UF, Q.SMART UF LCOUNTRIES WITHOUT GROUN-DING REQUIREMENTS(Belarus, Belgium, Denmark,Croatia, Czech Republic, Germa-ny, Estonia, Finland, France,Great Britain, Hungary, Iceland,Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg,Moldova, The Netherlands, Nor-way, Austria, Poland, Romania,Sweden, Slovakia, Slovenia,Switzerland, Ukraine)• No grounding required. Inverters with or without transformators can be used.• Exception „BIPV installations“: The grounding recommendations for „Countrieswith Grounding Requirements“ apply.• Exception „installation within 500 m of coastline“: The grounding recommen-dations for „Countries with Grounding Requirements“ apply.COUNTRIES WITH GROUNDINGREQUIREMENTS(Albania, Andorra, Bosnia andHerzegovina, Bulgaria, Greece,Italy, Kazakhstan, Malta, Mace-donia, Monaco, Montenegro,Portugal, Russia, San Marino,Serbia, Spain, Turkey, VaticanCity, overseas countries andterritories as well as outermostregions of the EU)• Functional grounding over a resistor (min. 35kΩ) to limit ground fault current to30 mA (e.g.: Fronius IG Plus with resistive grounding kit, Danfoss Unilynx withgrounding kit).• Disconnection of the PV system from the inverter when ground fault currentsexceed 50 mA for a length of time of 0.4 sec. (e.g.: Bender RCMA420, DOLD IP5883).• Use of inverter with flying inductor topologies without negative potentials at thegenerator poles (e.g.: Sunways AT).• Use of inverter with quiet-rail topologies whereby the string potential is ensurednot to be negative (e.g.: Voltwerk VS with 6 modules per string).• Framed Q.SMART modules only: Functional grounding with grounding kit of in-verter manufacturer possible (hard grounding)SPECIAL CASE:THE PV SYSTEM IS FENCED OFF(electrical operating room)• Countries where functional grounding is not required: inverters with or withouttransformers can be used.• Countries where functional grounding is required: Functional grounding is requi-red. The grounding requirements of the row “Countries with grounding require-ments” apply. In this special case, hard grounding is permitted for all moduletypes.TABLE 1 : Grounding and inverter recommendations based on country of installation and Q.SMART series module type