Health and Safety Information 143Studies have shown that these products generally do not work asadvertised. Unlike "hand-free" kits, these so-called "shields"may interfere with proper operation of the phone. The phone maybe forced to boost its power to compensate, leading to anincrease in RF absorption. In February 2002, the Federal tradeCommission (FTC) charged two companies that sold devices thatclaimed to protect wireless phone users from radiation withmaking false and unsubstantiated claims.According to FTC, these defendants lacked a reasonable basis tosubstantiate their claim.What about wireless phone interference withmedical equipment?Radio frequency energy (RF) from wireless phones can interactwith some electronic devices. For this reason, FDA helpeddevelop a detailed test method to measure electromagneticinterference (EMI) of implanted cardiac pacemakers anddefibrillators from wireless telephones. This test method is nowpart of a standard sponsored by the Association for theAdvancement of Medical instrumentation (AAMI). The final draft,a joint effort by FDA, medical device manufacturers, and manyother groups, was completed in late 2000. This standard willallow manufacturers to ensure that cardiac pacemakers anddefibrillators are safe from wireless phone EMI. FDA has testedwireless phones and helped develop a voluntary standardsponsored by the Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers(IEEE). This standard specifies test methods and performancerequirements for hearing aids and wireless phones so that nointerference occurs when a person uses a compatible phone anda compatible hearing aid at the same time. This standard wasapproved by the IEEE in 2000.FDA continues to monitor the use of wireless phones for possibleinteractions with other medical devices. Should harmfulinterference be found to occur, FDA will conduct testing to assessthe interference and work to resolve the problem.Additional information on the safety of RF exposures from varioussources can be obtained from the following organizations(Updated 1/1/2010):• FCC RF Safety Program:http://www.fcc.gov/oet/rfsafety/• Environmental Protection Agency (EPA):http://www.epa.gov/radiation/• Occupational Safety and Health Administration's (OSHA):http://www.osha.gov/SLTC/radiofrequencyradiation/index.html• National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH):http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/• World Health Organization (WHO):http://www.who.int/peh-emf/