GE Multilin L30 Line Current Differential System 8-58 THEORY OF OPERATION 8.1 OVERVIEW8(EQ 8.15)The 87G restraining signal is calculated as follows:(EQ 8.16)The terms for the second remote terminal are omitted in two-terminal applications.The operate signal for the ground differential function, , is then calculated as:(EQ 8.17)The restraint signal, , is calculated as follows for two-terminal applications:(EQ 8.18)The restraint signal, , is calculated as follows for three-terminal applications:(EQ 8.19)where is the slope setting for the ground differential function.The ground differential element picks up if the following condition holds.(EQ 8.20)where is the pickup setting for the ground differential function.In other words, when the squared magnitude of the operating signal is greater than the total restraining squared signal, theelement operates. For additional security, the function is blocked if the restraining signal is high, indicating the 87LG func-tion is not required to clear high-current faults, allowing for more sensitive settings to be used for the 87LG function.8.1.8 CLOCK SYNCHRONIZATIONSynchronization of data sampling clocks is needed in a digital differential protection scheme, because measurements mustbe made at the same time. Synchronization errors show up as phase angle and transient errors in phasor measurements atthe terminals. By phase angle errors, we mean that identical currents produce phasors with different phase angles. By tran-sient errors, we mean that when currents change at the same time, the effect is seen at different times at different measure-ment points. For best results, samples should be taken simultaneously at all terminals.In the case of peer to peer architecture, synchronization is accomplished by synchronizing the clocks to each other ratherthan to a master clock. Each relay compares the phase of its clock to the phase of the other clocks and compares the fre-quency of its clock to the power system frequency and makes appropriate adjustments. The frequency and phase trackingalgorithm keeps the measurements at all relays within a plus or minus 25 microsecond error during normal conditions for a2 or 3 terminal system. For 4 or more terminals the error may be somewhat higher, depending on the quality of the commu-nications channels. The algorithm is unconditionally stable. In the case of 2 and 3 terminal systems, asymmetric communi-cations channel delay is automatically compensated for. In all cases, an estimate of phase error is computed and used toautomatically adapt the restraint region to compensate. Frequency tracking is provided that will accommodate any fre-quency shift normally encountered in power systems.If IREM_REST_A( )2 BP 2< , then IREM_REST_A( )2 IREM_RESTRAINT_A( )243--- S× 12-----------------------------------------------------=else IREM_REST_A( )2 IREM_RESTRAINT_A( )2 43--- S1 BP×( )2–43--- S× 22------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- BP 2+=IRES_87G( )2 max ILOC_REST_A( )2 ILOC_REST_B( )2 ILOC_REST_C( )2 IREM1_REST_A( )2 IREM1_REST_B( )2, , , ,( ,=IREM1_REST_C( )2 IREM2_REST_A( )2 IREM2_REST_B( )2 IREM2_REST_C( )2, , , )IOP_87G( )2IOP_87G( )2 IOP_87G_RE( )2 IOP_87G_IM( )2+=I87G( )2I87G( )2 2S87G2 IRES_87G( )2×=I87G( )2I87G( )2 43--- S87G2× IRES_87G( )2×=S87GIOP_87G( )2 2P87G2 I87G( )2+( )– 0>( ) and IRES_87G( )2 3 pu( )2<( )P87G
