5-1Keysight Microwave Network Analyzers2-Port and 4-Port PNA SeriesService Guide5 Theory of OperationInformation in This ChapterThis chapter provides a general description of the operating theory of theN5221A/22A 2-port and 4-port PNA microwave network analyzers.— Theory of operation is explained to the assembly level only.— Component-level circuit theory is not provided.— Simplified block diagrams are included for each functional group.— More detailed block diagrams are located at the end of Chapter 4,“Troubleshooting.”Chapter Five at-a-GlanceAlthough simplified block diagrams are included within the description ofeach functional group, it is recommended that the more detailed blockdiagrams, located at the end of Chapter 4, be available for reference, asyou read the information in this chapter.Section Title Summary of Content Start PageNetwork Analyzer SystemOperationA summary of the theory of operation for the analyzer.A summary of the operation of the major functional groupsof the analyzer.page 5-2Synthesized Source GroupOperationOperation of the assemblies associated with the sourcegroup.page 5-6Signal Separation GroupOperationOperation of the assemblies associated with signalseparation, including the operation of optional sourceattenuators, and bias tees.page 5-16Receiver Group Operation Operation of the assemblies associated with the receivergroup including the operation of optional receiverattenuators.page 5-21Digital Processing and DigitalControl Group OperationOperation of the assemblies associated with digitalprocessing and digital control.page 5-26Power Supply Group Operation Operation of the power supply assembly group. page 5-31
