safety and usage information15so we don't know with certainty what the results ofsuch studies mean for human health.Three large epidemiology studies have beenpublished since December 2000. Between them,the studies investigated any possible associationbetween the use of wireless phones and primarybrain cancer, glioma, meningioma, or acousticneuroma, tumors of the brain or salivary gland,leukemia, or other cancers. None of the studiesdemonstrated the existence of any harmful healtheffects from wireless phones RF exposures.However, none of the studies can answer questionsabout long-term exposures, since the averageperiod of phone use in these studies was aroundthree years.What research is needed to decidewhether RF exposure from wirelessphones poses a health risk?A combination of laboratory studies andepidemiological studies of people actually usingwireless phones would provide some of the data thatare needed. Lifetime animal exposure studies couldbe completed in a few years. However, very largenumbers of animals would be needed to providereliable proof of a cancer promoting effect if oneexists. Epidemiological studies can provide data thatis directly applicable to human populations, but tenor more years' follow-up may be needed to provideanswers about some health effects, such as cancer.This is because the interval between the time ofexposure to a cancer-causing agent and the timetumors develop - if they do - may be many, manyyears. The interpretation of epidemiological studies ishampered by difficulties in measuring actual RFexposure during day-to-day use of wireless phones.Many factors affect this measurement, such as theangle at which the phone is held, or which model ofphone is used.