GE Multilin D30 Line Distance Protection System viiTABLE OF CONTENTS9. THEORY OF OPERATION 9.1 DISTANCE ELEMENTS9.1.1 INTRODUCTION................................................................................................ 9-19.1.2 PHASOR ESTIMATION ..................................................................................... 9-19.1.3 DISTANCE CHARACTERISTICS ...................................................................... 9-29.1.4 MEMORY POLARIZATION................................................................................ 9-69.1.5 DISTANCE ELEMENTS ANALYSIS .................................................................. 9-79.2 PHASE DISTANCE APPLIED TO POWER TRANSFORMERS9.2.1 DESCRIPTION................................................................................................. 9-119.2.2 EXAMPLE ........................................................................................................ 9-149.3 GROUND DIRECTIONAL OVERCURRENT9.3.1 DESCRIPTION................................................................................................. 9-169.3.2 EXAMPLE ........................................................................................................ 9-169.4 SERIES COMPENSATED LINES9.4.1 DESCRIPTION................................................................................................. 9-189.5 FAULT LOCATOR9.5.1 FAULT TYPE DETERMINATION..................................................................... 9-2110. APPLICATION OFSETTINGS10.1 APPLICATION GUIDELINES10.1.1 INTRODUCTION.............................................................................................. 10-110.1.2 IMPACT OF MEMORY POLARIZATION ......................................................... 10-110.1.3 HIGH SET OVERCURRENT ELEMENTS ....................................................... 10-110.2 DISTANCE ELEMENTS (STEPPED DISTANCE SCHEME)10.2.1 PHASE DISTANCE.......................................................................................... 10-210.2.2 GROUND DISTANCE ...................................................................................... 10-310.3 SERIES COMPENSATED LINES10.3.1 INTRODUCTION.............................................................................................. 10-610.3.2 DISTANCE ....................................................................................................... 10-610.3.3 GROUND DIRECTIONAL OVERCURRENT ................................................... 10-710.3.4 HIGH-SET PHASE OVERCURRENT .............................................................. 10-710.4 PHASE DISTANCE THROUGH POWER TRANSFORMERS10.4.1 PHASE DISTANCE PROTECTION ................................................................. 10-810.4.2 EXAMPLE ........................................................................................................ 10-911. MAINTENANCE 11.1 MODULES11.1.1 REPLACE A MODULE..................................................................................... 11-111.2 BATTERIES11.2.1 REPLACE BATTERY....................................................................................... 11-311.2.2 DISPOSE OF BATTERY.................................................................................. 11-411.3 UNINSTALL AND CLEAR FILES AND DATA11.3.1 UNINSTALL AND CLEAR FILES AND DATA.................................................. 11-711.4 REPAIRS11.4.1 REPAIRS ......................................................................................................... 11-811.5 STORAGE11.5.1 STORAGE........................................................................................................ 11-911.6 DISPOSAL11.6.1 DISPOSAL ..................................................................................................... 11-10A. FLEXANALOG ANDFLEXINTEGERPARAMETERSA.1 PARAMETER LISTSA.1.1 FLEXANALOG ITEMS .......................................................................................A-1A.1.2 FLEXINTEGER ITEMS ....................................................................................A-10