1-10mature intra-domain multicast routing protocols, protocol independent multicast (PIM) is a popularone. Based on the forwarding mechanism, PIM comes in two modes – dense mode (often referredto as PIM-DM) and sparse mode (often referred to as PIM-SM).z An inter-domain multicast routing protocol is used for delivery of multicast information between twoASs. So far, mature solutions include multicast source discovery protocol (MSDP) and multicastborder gateway protocol (MBGP). MSDP is used to propagate multicast source information amongdifferent ASs, while MBGP, an extension of the Multi-protocol Border Gateway Protocol (MP-BGP),is used for exchanging multicast routing information among different ASs.For the SSM model, multicast routes are not divided into inter-domain routes and intra-domain routes.Since receivers know the position of the multicast source, channels established through PIM-SM aresufficient for multicast information transport.Layer 2 multicast protocolsLayer 2 multicast protocols include IGMP Snooping and multicast VLAN. Figure 1-6 shows where theseprotocols are in the network.Figure 1-6 Position of Layer 2 multicast protocolsSourceReceiver ReceiverIPv4 multicast packetsIGMP SnoopingMulticast VLAN1) IGMP SnoopingRunning on Layer 2 devices, Internet Group Management Protocol Snooping (IGMP Snooping) ismulticast constraining mechanisms that manage and control multicast groups by listening to andanalyzing IGMP messages exchanged between the hosts and Layer 3 multicast devices, thuseffectively controlling the flooding of multicast data in a Layer 2 network.2) Multicast VLANIn the traditional multicast-on-demand mode, when users in different VLANs on a Layer 2 device needmulticast information, the upstream Layer 3 device needs to forward a separate copy of the multicastdata to each VLAN of the Layer 2 device. With the multicast VLAN feature enabled on the Layer 2device, the Layer 3 multicast device needs to send only one copy of multicast to the multicast VLAN onthe Layer 2 device. This avoids waste of network bandwidth and extra burden on the Layer 3 device.Multicast Packet Forwarding MechanismIn a multicast model, a multicast source sends information to the host group identified by the multicastgroup address in the destination address field of IP multicast packets. Therefore, to deliver multicast
