Health and Safety Information 115locations in atoms and molecules. It canpermanently damage biological tissues includingDNA, the genetic material.The energy levels associated with radiofrequency energy, including both radio wavesand microwaves, are not great enough to causeionization of atoms and molecules. Therefore, RFenergy is a type of non-ionizing radiation. Othertypes of non-ionizing radiation include visiblelight, infrared radiation (heat), and other forms ofelectromagnetic radiation with relatively lowfrequencies.While RF energy does not ionize particles, largeamounts can increase body temperatures andcause tissue damage. Two areas of the body, theeyes and the testes, are particularly vulnerable toRF heating because there is relatively little bloodflow in them to carry away excess heat.Research Results to Date: Is there aconnection between RF and certain healthproblems?The results of most studies conducted to datesay no. In addition, attempts to replicate andconfirm the few studies that have shown aconnection have failed.The scientific community at large thereforebelieves that the weight of scientific evidencedoes not show an association between exposureto Radio Frequency (RF) from cell phones andadverse health outcomes. Still the scientificcommunity has supported additional research toaddress gaps in knowledge. Some of thesestudies are described below.Interphone StudyInterphone is a large international studydesigned to determine whether cell phonesincrease the risk of head and neck cancer. Areport published in the International Journal ofEpidemiology (June, 2010) compared cell phoneusage for more than 5,000 people with braintumors (glioma and meningioma) and a similarnumber of healthy controls.Results of this study did NOT show that cellphones caused brain cancer. In this study, mostpeople had no increased risk of brain cancerfrom using cell phones. For people with theheaviest use of cell phones (an average of morethan ½ hour per day, every day, for over 10years) the study suggested a slight increase inbrain cancer. However, the authors determinedthat biases and errors prevented any conclusionsbeing drawn from this data. Additionalinformation about Interphone can be found athttp://www.iarc.fr/en/media-centre/pr/2010/pdfs/pr200_E.pdf.Interphone is the largest cell phone study todate, but it did not answer all questions aboutcell phone safety. Additional research is beingconducted around the world, and the FDAcontinues to monitor developments in this field.