156the results of such studies mean for human health.Three large epidemiology studies have been publishedsince December 2000. Between them, the studiesinvestigated any possible association between the use ofwireless phones and primary brain cancer, glioma,meningioma, or acoustic neuroma, tumors of the brain orsalivary gland, leukemia, or other cancers. None of thestudies demonstrated the existence of any harmfulhealth effects from wireless phone RF exposures.However, none of the studies can answer questionsabout long-term exposures, since the average period ofphone use in these studies was around three years.11. What research is needed to decide whether RFexposure from wireless phones poses a health risk?A combination of laboratory studies and epidemiologicalstudies of people actually using wireless phones wouldprovide some of the data that are needed. Lifetimeanimal exposure studies could be completed in a fewyears. However, very large numbers of animals would beneeded to provide reliable proof of a cancer promotingeffect if one exists. Epidemiological studies can providedata that is directly applicable to human populations, but10 or more years follow-up may be needed to provideanswers about some health effects, such as cancer. Thisis because the interval between the time of exposure toa cancer-causing agent and the time tumors develop - ifthey do - may be many, many years. The interpretation ofepidemiological studies is hampered by difficulties inmeasuring actual RF exposure during day-to-day use ofwireless phones. Many factors affect this measurement,such as the angle at which the phone is held, or whichmodel of phone is used.12. Which other federal agencies have responsibilitiesrelated to potential RF health effects?Additional information on the safety of RF exposures fromvarious sources can be obtained from the followingorganizations.FCC RF Safety Program:http://www.fcc.gov/oet/rfsafety/Environmental Protection Agency (EPA):http://www.epa.gov/radiation/Occupational Safety and Health Administration’s (OSHA):http://www.osha-slc.gov/SLTC/radiofrequencyradiation/index.htmlNational Institute for Occupational Safety and Health(NIOSH):http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/emfpg.htmlWorld health Organization (WHO):http://www.who.int/peh-emf/International Commission on Non-Ionizing RadiationProtection:http://www.icnirp.deNational Radiation Protection Board (UK):http://www.nrpb.org.ukUpdated 4/3/2002: US Food and Drug Administrationhttp://www.fda.gov/cellphonesAAppppeennddiixx AAppppeennddiixx