2-18 F60 Feeder Protection System GE Multilin2.3 SIGNAL PROCESSING 2 PRODUCT DESCRIPTION2(EQ 2.2)Current harmonics are estimated based on raw samples with the use of the full-cycle Fourier filter. Harmonics 2nd through25th are estimated.True RMS value for the current is calculated on a per-phase basis. The true RMS can be used for demand recording or asan input signal to Time Overcurrent function, if the latter is intended for thermal protection. The true RMS is calculated asper the widely accepted definition:(EQ 2.3)RMS values include harmonics, inter-harmonics, DC components, and so on, along with fundamental frequency values.The true RMS value reflects thermal effects of the current and is used for the thermal related monitoring and protectionfunctions.Protection and control functions respond to phasors of the fundamental and/or harmonic frequency components (magni-tudes and angles), with an exception for some functions that have an option for RMS or fundamental measurements, orsome function responding to RMS only. This type of response is explained typically in each element's section in the instruc-tion manual.Currents are pre-filtered using a Finite Impulse Response (FIR) digital filter. The filter is designed to reject DC componentsand low-frequency distortions, without amplifying high-frequency noise. This filter is referred to as a modified MIMIC filter,which provides excellent filtering and overall balance between speed and accuracy of filtering. The filter is cascaded withthe full-cycle Fourier filter for the current phasor estimation.Voltages are pre-filtered using a patented Finite Impulse Response (FIR) digital filter. The filter has been optimized to rejectvoltage transformers specific distortions, such as Capacitive Voltage Transformer (CVT) noise and high-frequency oscilla-tory components. The filter is cascaded with the half-cycle Fourier filter for the voltage phasor estimation.The URs measure power system frequency using the Clarke transformation by estimating the period of the waveform fromtwo consecutive zero-crossings in the same direction (negative-to-positive). Voltage or current samples are pre-filteredusing a Finite Impulse Response (FIR) digital filter to remove high frequency noise contained in the signal. The period isused after several security conditions are met, such as true RMS signal must be above 6% nominal for a certain time andothers. If these security conditions are not met, the last valid measurement is used for a specific time after which the URreverts to nominal system frequency.Synchrophasors are calculated using a patented convolution integral algorithm. This algorithm allows use of the same timestamped samples, which are used for protection and taken at the same sampling frequency. This allows URs to use onesampling clock for both protection algorithms and synchrophasors.Synchrophasors on firmware versions 7.23 and up have been tested and certified to meet IEEE C.37.118-2011 andC.37.118.1a-2014 standards for both metering and protection classes with outputs available up to 60 synchrophasors persecond for the metering class and 120 synchrophasors per second for the protection class. Synchrophasors measurementare also available via IEC 61850-90-5 protocol.Contact inputs threshold is settable in the firmware with 17, 33, 84, 166 VDC settings available. Inputs are scanned every0.5 ms and can be conditioned for the critical applications, using debounce time timer, settable from 0.0 ms to 16.0 ms.Contact inputs with auto-burnishing are available as well, when external contacts are exposed to the contamination in aharsh industrial environment.All measured values are available in the UR metering section on the front panel and via communications protocols. Mea-sured analog values and binary signals can be captured in COMTRADE format with sampling rates from 8 to 64 samplesper power cycle. Analog values can be captured with Data Logger, allowing much slower rates extended over long period oftime.Other advanced UR order code options are available to support IEC 61850 Ed2.0 (including fast GOOSE, MMS server,61850 services, ICD/CID/IID files, and so on), IEEE 1588 (IEEE C37.238 power profile) based time synchronization, Cyber-Sentry (advanced cyber security), the Parallel Redundancy Protocol (PRP), IEC 60870-5-103, and so on.2± 46rated A( )⋅I RMS t( )1T--- i2 t( ) tdt T–( )t=
